Analysis of the environmental impact of energy usage optimization using battery storage technologies
Baumgartner, Hans (2024)
Baumgartner, Hans
2024
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2024052816839
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2024052816839
Tiivistelmä
This thesis analyses the environmental impact of battery storage in residential settings on the German and Finnish grid using consumption data from a dataset of single-family houses located in northern Germany gathered in 2019. Emission Data and PV-production data were also used from 2019 in Germany and Finland. With this data, the consumption profile of each house was simulated and evaluated regarding both grids.
The charging profile of every house was simulated, and the emissions were calculated from the simulated data. Both marginal and average emissions were investigated. From this data, the self-consumption rate and an overuse factor were derived. Research regarding other means of demand offset and existing case studies on similar research are presented, highlighting thermal energy storage and demand response.
The simulation has shown an achievable self-consumption rate in Germany of 46% and in Finland 41% for the households in the dataset without any changes in consumption. However, the research also indicates that due to concurrent demand and consumption of energy there is simultaneous charging and discharging, i.e. overuse. As a result, between 7.5% and 12% of total stored energy was stored while at least the same amount of energy was consumed from the grid, therefore could have been directly used in a situation where energy sharing is incentivized. This could reduce emissions and increase battery efficiency.
It has been shown that using battery storage technologies to offset photovoltaic energy production to meet a household's demand most likely will result in additional emissions on grid level. These emission increases can range from 38 kg/year/household to 166 kg/year/household in Germany regarding marginal emission data and 23 kg/year/household to 115 kg/year/household in Finland. However, the simulation was done assuming the total energy could be fed into the grid. If energy had to be curtailed otherwise, the emissions could be lower, even negative.
The charging profile of every house was simulated, and the emissions were calculated from the simulated data. Both marginal and average emissions were investigated. From this data, the self-consumption rate and an overuse factor were derived. Research regarding other means of demand offset and existing case studies on similar research are presented, highlighting thermal energy storage and demand response.
The simulation has shown an achievable self-consumption rate in Germany of 46% and in Finland 41% for the households in the dataset without any changes in consumption. However, the research also indicates that due to concurrent demand and consumption of energy there is simultaneous charging and discharging, i.e. overuse. As a result, between 7.5% and 12% of total stored energy was stored while at least the same amount of energy was consumed from the grid, therefore could have been directly used in a situation where energy sharing is incentivized. This could reduce emissions and increase battery efficiency.
It has been shown that using battery storage technologies to offset photovoltaic energy production to meet a household's demand most likely will result in additional emissions on grid level. These emission increases can range from 38 kg/year/household to 166 kg/year/household in Germany regarding marginal emission data and 23 kg/year/household to 115 kg/year/household in Finland. However, the simulation was done assuming the total energy could be fed into the grid. If energy had to be curtailed otherwise, the emissions could be lower, even negative.